____________ has undergone a transition from traditional conceptualization to a non-traditional meaning *Security* __________ argued that the essence of a state is to provide law and order, which are attained through (effective) security management *Thomas Hobbes* ___________ security underscores the strategic importance that self-sustenance in food production has on the security of any nation *Food* Environmental pollutions has continued to attract attention because it constitutes threat to *Environmental Security* The United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) was signed in *1982* ___________ security involves protecting every individual from any physical violence. *Personal* ___________ can be defined as the disruption of the peace of any community. *Violence* The ___________ estimated that almost 1.6 million people die due to violence yearly *World Health Organization (WHO)* ___________ growth attracted the evolution of agrarian societies into ones that are more politically organized *Population* ___________ is highly fundamental to the business of governance *Power* ___________ agency categorised homicide into criminal homicide and justifiable homicide *Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)* ___________ crimes are any aggressive actions which are outlawed or prohibited by the law. *Violent* Violent crimes can be classified into Domestic and _____________? *Non-domestic* ___________ involves the unkind and/or brutal treatment of children especially those under the age of 18 years *Child abuse* ___________ is an unwanted sexual activity like touching some sensitive parts of the victim. *Sexual abuse* ___________ is a form of violent crime leading to the killing of another person. *Homicide* ___________ refers to a form of violence involving child abuse, elder abuse, and other forms of aggressive behaviour between two or more people within the same family (or household) *Domestic abuse* ___________ violence has the tendency to keep recurring in homes *Domestic* ________ is the phase of violence in which the victim will try to appeal to the perpetrator to be calm and reason along with him/her to find solutions to their conflict relations. *Tension-building* ___________ break-down usually creates misunderstanding between parties *Communication* ___________ theorists contend that the personality traits and mental characteristics of the offender are responsible for his/her domestic violent behaviour. *Psychological* ___________ is capable of leading some people to anger *Stress* ___________ propounded the Malthusian theory *Thomas Malthus* ___________ theory holds that youth bulge is the main source of war *Youth bulge* ___________ theory was credited to Thomas Hobbes *Hobbesian* ____________ opined that man is egoistic *Thomas Hobbes* J. J. ___________ propounded the Rousseaurian Theory *Rousseau* ____________ theory posits that the main factor responsible for man’s inhumanity against fellow man is not located in human nature but in human nurture. *Rousseaurian* _______ opined that democracies do not engage themselves in violent hostility or war *Democratic Peace Theory (DPT)* _______________ argues that every nation places more priority on achieving its self-interest above global interest *Political realism* ____________ is a cluster of psychological traits. *Intelligence* ______________ theory of war is of the opinion that violence is not necessary but absolutely inevitable *Cyclical* ______________ theory of violence is of the view that violence is a function of class struggle. *Marxist* _____________ theory assumes that perpetrators of aggression are rational *Rationalist* _____________ theory holds that capitalist contradictions have forced majority (proletariat) into structural relegation. *Marxist* _____________ theory was popularised by Paul and Patricia Brantingham in the 1980s *Environmentalist* _____________ are made to outlaw some acts considered to be criminal. *Laws* _______ theory asserts that the best way to control crime is to examine the nature of the crime, the conditions that produce such crimes as well as the impact of the crimes. *Realist* ______ posits that the main source of crime is the unjust and unfair distribution of wealth in the society *Social Democratic Positivism* Idealism is a theoretical approach that emerged in the_________ *1920s* _____________ was a response to the failure of idealist approach in preventing the outbreak of World War II. *Realism* _____________ approach of security management emerged in the 1960s *Pluralists* The civil wars that plagued Sierra Leone and Liberia generated large amount of ________ *Refugees* _____________ has become one of the key elements of the security sector reform. *Intelligence* _____________ is often mistaken for intelligence. *Information or data* _____________ sees intelligence as knowledge, organisation and activity *Kent (1965)* ____________ involves collecting, collating, analyzing, evaluating and disseminating information that can protect a nation against internal threats. *Security intelligence* The foundation of any intelligence work or production is found in Collection of ________________? *Raw data* ______________ is very crucial to carrying out intelligence tasks *Information* _____________ involves the use of satellite images for the collection of intelligence. *Imagery intelligence (IMINT)* MANSIT means __________ Measurement and Signatures Intelligence ______________ is a good example of human intelligence Espionage OSINT means Online Super Intelligence The book ‘Intelligence: from Secrets to Policy’ was written by __________? Marl Lowenthal ____ is the art of covertly or secretly collecting information through the use of human sources Espionage ____________ are spies specialising in information gathering Agents Suggestibility is a form of _________ Interrogation ____________ is the act of watching people or objects Surveillance ____________ is a very vital element of intelligence planning and production. Analysis __________ is a crucial aspect of intelligence analysis Goal Setting ___________describes the schedule of product initiation and generation Periodicity ___________ is predicated on the general belief that two good heads are better than one Peer Reviewing ___________ is very essential in the production of intelligence Exchange of ideas ____________ has become a rapidly growing intellectual area of inquiry in security studies. Counter-intelligence ______ is fortification of infrastructures and building with security gadgets and other measures Physical security FIS means ______ Foreign Intelligence Services ______ is a key element of counterintelligence Communication Security _______________ is that part of management concerned with people at work and with their relationship within an enterprise Personnel management ______ is the art of giving a detailed account of the task, which a particular job demands. Job Description ______ must be defined with a title for job-seekers to have an idea of what a particular job entails Job title ______ entails mentioning of definite and complete conditions attached to a job. Job specification ______ are very strategic in the effective management of (security) personnel or employees Compensation and reward ______ referred to as weekly or monthly or yearly payment made to employee for the service rendered Salary __________ defines leadership as the ability to influence a group toward the achievement of goals. Robinson (2001) _______ involves the transmission of information and understanding the use of common symbols Communication The United Nations submitted that job stress is “the 20th Century Disease” in ______? 1992 _______ often leads to physical and psychological discomforts in (security) employees. Stress _______ proposed the concept of General Adaptation Syndrome Hans Seyle _______ is the stage in which the body responds when it becomes aware of stress or threat Alarm Stage ____________ is among the major causes of job stress Poor working condition _______ stated that “the individual just does not know how he or she fits into the organization and is unsure of any reward no matter how well he or she may perform” Warshaw (1979) _______ has undesirable outcome for both the employee and the employer. Role Conflict Employees who are unable to exert control over their lives at work are more likely to experience more ________? Work Stress _________ aims at decreasing or minimizing the amount of stress a person experiences Stress Reduction _________ helps people rejuvenate physically and psychologically after exposure to severe distress Stress Recuperation _________ is the most recent method for managing stress Heart or Emotional Intelligence _________ profession attracts a lot of hazards Security _________ is among the basic functions of security personnel Protection of Lives and Property _____ can result due to the death of a beloved Trauma REBT means _______________ Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy ___________developed REBT Albert Ellis _________ involves an intense mental exercise aimed at creating new emotional patterns Rationale Emotive Imagery _________ monarchs usually constitute council of chiefs In traditional African Societies _________ are often seen in several quarters as anti-people Law Enforcement Agents ________ provide the larger amount of information needed for securitization Public _________ is so important in the relationship between the security sector and the public Public Relations ___________ usually begins with effective planning Public relations activity _________ is a key element of security management. Operational Management T. E. Lawrence is also known as Lawrence of Arabia ______________ normally choose the time and place to strike. Guerrillas