FBQ1: The scientific pursuit of toxicology is typically divided between observational and ______ studies Answer: Mechanistic FBQ2: The physician who specialises in the treatment of toxic reactions to therapeutic drugs as well as management of illness is referred to ______. Answer: Clinical Toxicologist FBQ3: Toxicology as an ancient study of chemical concentration in organisms started with venom as a result of ____________ Answer: Snake bite FBQ4: Environmental toxicologist is concerned with the entire range of ______effects of chemicals on the quality of our environment, including the aesthetic aspects Answer: Potential FBQ5: The doses- response relationship is a fundamental concept in toxicology which correlates exposures and the spectrum of ______ Answer: Induced Effects FBQ6: ______ is the ability of a chemical molecule or compound to produce injury once it reaches a susceptible site in the body Answer: Toxicity FBQ7: ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­________ is the probability that injury may be caused by the circumstance of the exposure Answer: Hazard FBQ8: The underlying principles of toxicology rely on an understanding of the relationships between exposure and ______ Answer: Effect FBQ9: In order to comprehend how exposure-related effects can be explained, the concept of ________is important response Answer: Dose FBQ10: In toxicology the higher the dose, the more severe the ______ Answer: Response FBQ11: The dose response relationship is based on observed data from ________animal, human, clinical or cell studies. Answer: Experimental FBQ12: The measurable end-point of toxicology may be pharmacological, biochemical or a pathological change which shows ________change. Answer: Percentage FBQ13: Organisms respond to toxic substances according to the __________ of substance that gates in to the body. Answer: Doses FBQ14: The dose-response relationship is graded between a dose at which no effect is measurable and one at which the ________is demonstrated Answer: Maximal effect FBQ15: A threshold for toxic effects occurs at the point where the body’s ability to ________a xenobiotic or repair toxic injury has been exceeded.   Answer: Detoxify FBQ16: Normally effective dose refers to a beneficial effect or ______ Answer: Paralysis FBQ17: Normally a beneficial effect is otherwise referred to ______ Answer: relief of pain FBQ18: Effective dose that is effective for 0% of the population is recognised as______ Answer: ED0 FBQ19: Toxic Doses (TDs) are utilised to indicate doses that cause ________toxic effects.   Answer: adverse FBQ20: The knowledge of the effective and toxic dose levels aids in determining the relative safety of ______ Answer: Pharmaceuticals FBQ21: One of the actual data points from human clinical or experimental animal studies is ____. Answer: No Observed Adverse Effect Level FBQ22: An important role of the dose-response relationship is its use in the extrapolation of ________effects Answer: Toxic FBQ23: Toxicity is a measure of the degree to which something is toxic or ____. Answer: Poisonous FBQ24: Toxicity is the ability of a chemical molecule or compound to produce injury once it reaches a ________site in the body Answer: Susceptible FBQ25: Hazard is the probability that injury may be caused by the circumstance of the ____ Answer: Exposure FBQ26: Toxicity effect on a substructure, such as a cell is referred to as____. Answer: Cytotoxicity FBQ27: Toxicity effect on a substructure, such as an organ (eg liver) is referred to as ____. Answer: Organotoxicity FBQ28: ________ exposure is a term which refers to exposure ‘of short duration’. Answer: Acute FBQ29: ________refers to exposures of intermediate duration Answer: Sub acute exposure FBQ30: ________ is a term used in contrast to acute exposure and it is of long duration Answer: Chronic exposure FBQ31: Chronic toxicity is sometimes used to indicate the result of repeated exposure to a chemical or to ________radiation Answer: Ionising FBQ32: The single most important factor in determining whether or not illness will occur as the result of exposure to a specific chemical compound is ____. Answer: Dosage FBQ33: In comparing the toxicity of different compounds standardised notation are used and the commonly used notation is the ____. Answer: Median Lethal Doses FBQ34: ________ is a statistical estimate of the dosage necessary to kill 50% of an infinite population of the test animals Answer: LD50 FBQ35: ________ is the dosage necessary to produce any specified effect in 50% of the test animals Answer: ED50 MCQ1: The lipid portion of Biological membranes is primarily phospholipid, which have ________ head groups oriented outward Answer: Ionic polar MCQ2: The underlying principles of toxicology rely on an understanding of the relationships between exposure and ____. Answer: Effect MCQ3: Environmental toxicologist is concerned with the entire range of ________ effects of chemicals on the quality of our environment, including the aesthetic aspects Answer: Potential MCQ4: ________ toxicologists analyse the fluids and tissues of the body for the presence of poisonous substances Answer: Forensic MCQ5: In order to comprehend how exposure-related effects can be explained, the concept of dose- ________ is important Answer: Response MCQ6: Malignant tumours are characterised by their ability to invade adjacent tissues and____. Answer: to metastasise MCQ7: Normally effective dose is knowns as a harmful effect or ____. Answer: Paralysis MCQ8: ________ is a term which refers to exposure ‘of short duration’ Answer: Acute exposure MCQ9: Phosphorus is a systemic poison that is, one that is transported through the body to sites remote from its entry site which causes ____. Answer: Skin colouration MCQ10: The knowledge of the effective and toxic dose levels aids in determining the relative safety of ____. Answer: Pharmaceuticals MCQ11: Effective Doses (EDs) are used to indicate the effectiveness of a ____. Answer: Substance MCQ12: ________ correlates exposures and the spectrum of induced effects Answer: Doses-response MCQ13: The ________ of a chemical or physical agent is its capacity to produce particular types of adverse effect Answer: Dose MCQ14: The skin evolved as a protective covering against a hostile environment and is relatively ________ to many chemicals Answer: Impermeable MCQ15: An important role of the dose-response relationship is its use in the extrapolation of ________effects Answer: Toxic MCQ16: A threshold for toxic effects occurs at the point where the body’s ability to ________ a xenobiotic or repair toxic injury has been exceeded Answer: Detoxify MCQ17: The historical development of toxicology began with early cave dwellers who recognised ________ plants and animals and used their extracts for hunting in warfare Answer: Poisonous MCQ18: In ________ the impact of external substance or condition and its deleterious effects on living systems is the subject of study Answer: Toxicology MCQ19: All things are poison and nothing is without poison; only the ________ makes a thing a poison Answer: Dose MCQ20: ________is effective for 10% of the population Answer: ED10 MCQ21: ________ effect refers to a site of action other than the point of contact and presupposes that absorption has taken place Answer: systemic MCQ22: Threshold Limit Values represents an arbitrarily set value on the basis of experimental and other available data while LD50 represents an ____. Answer: Experimentally derived value MCQ23: ________ represents an arbitrarily set value on the basis of experimental and other available data Answer: Threshold Limit Values MCQ24: Toxic substances to which we are exposed in the environment may be in several different physical forms and may be classified as ________ except Answer: chemicals MCQ25: toxic substances in our environment can exist in different physical forms such as ________ except Answer: Air MCQ26: If we ignore the medical administration of drugs, there are several routes by which people can take in foreign chemicals which all of the following except -____. Answer: Through the oral openings MCQ27: The skin evolved as a protective covering against a hostile environment and is relatively ________ to many chemicals. Answer: impermeable MCQ28: Transport of drug through membranes occurs by one of the general processes of ____. Answer: Passive diffusion MCQ29: The rate and extent of absorption of hydrophobic chemicals depends on these factors except ____. Answer: Cell type MCQ30: The lipid solubility of a compound is commonly measured by adding it to a mixture of water and ________ in a separatory funnel Answer: Octanol MCQ31: Partition coefficient increases with increasing chain length, and higher the Pc the more ____. Answer: lipid soluble is the compound MCQ32: In biotoxification, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are converted to arylating derivatives which can react with DNA and proteins to cause ____. Answer: Cell division MCQ33: Nitrite can convert haemoglobin to methaemoglobin thus ____. Answer: Lowering the ability of the blood to carry oxygen. MCQ34: ________ may be defined as a stochastic process that involves one or more heritable alterations in DNA induced by diverse factors including mutagenic chemicals, ionising radiation and viruses Answer: Initiation MCQ35: A promoter is a substance which does not itself cause tumour development but which, by its action, permits ____. Answer: A potentially carcinogenic mutation